Choosing sustainable period care shouldn’t feel like deciphering a cryptic puzzle, yet many still grapple with overwhelming options and conflicting advice. The rise of menstrual cups and discs offers incredible freedom from disposables, but navigating the nuances—especially when considering them as complementary tools—can leave even the most informed person scratching their head. Forget one-size-fits-all promises; the real magic lies in understanding how these products interact with your unique body and lifestyle, moving beyond fleeting trends to build a truly personalized routine that works year after year.
Imagine effortlessly switching between a cup for daytime reliability and a disc for active nights or spontaneous intimacy—all without leaks or discomfort. This isn’t about finding a single “perfect” product; it’s about leveraging the distinct strengths of both formats to cover every scenario life throws your way. As we move into 2026, the conversation has wisely shifted from ranking brands to empowering users with the knowledge to select and combine products intelligently. Let’s unpack the essential, future-proof criteria that transform confusion into confidence, ensuring your choices stand the test of time and changing needs.
Top 10 Menstrual Cup and Disc Combos
Detailed Product Reviews
1. Pixie Menstrual Disc Kit for Feminine Care - Pixie Discs are Designed to Remove Like Tampons - 100% Medical-Grade Silicone - Best Period Disc Starter Kit - Proven to Become A Successful Disc User
Overview:
This comprehensive starter kit offers a sustainable period solution with reusable medical-grade silicone discs. Designed for easy tampon-like insertion and removal, it includes both medium and large discs plus essential accessories for immediate, confident use.
What Makes It Stand Out:
The tampon-like removal mechanism is revolutionary for disc users, significantly lowering the learning curve. All-inclusive accessories (applicator, lube, wash, sterilizing cup, wipes) and a 10-year lifespan per disc set it apart. FSA/HSA eligibility and a robust 100% satisfaction guarantee enhance accessibility and trust.
Value for Money:
Priced competitively for a full starter system, it eliminates recurring costs of disposables. While the upfront cost exceeds single tampon boxes, long-term savings are substantial—lasting up to a decade with proper care. The kit’s completeness justifies the investment over piecemeal alternatives.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Strengths: Hypoallergenic, BPA-free materials; high capacity (5–7 tampons); 12-hour wear; exceptional customer service; eco-friendly. Weaknesses: Initial insertion/removal may require practice; applicator not included in all bundles (note: it is in this kit); sizing uncertainty for first-time users despite two disc sizes.
Bottom Line:
An exceptional entry point into reusable period care, combining innovation, safety, and comprehensive support. Ideal for eco-conscious users seeking cost savings and comfort, though patience during the learning phase is advised. Highly recommended for beginners.
2. Pixie Menstrual Cup & Disc Duo for Feminine Care - Ranked 1 for Most Comfortable Reusable Period Cup & Disc - Buy One We Give One - Includes Ebook Guide, Flushable Wipes, Lube, Sanitizer & Storage Bag
Overview:
This duo kit provides both a reusable cup and disc, targeting users who want flexibility between menstrual products. It includes trial-sized hygiene essentials and supports a “Buy One, Give One” initiative, emphasizing social impact alongside functionality.
What Makes It Stand Out:
The unique dual-product approach lets users experiment with cups and discs without commitment. The 270,000+ cups donated via the social program adds ethical appeal. Leak-proof confidence during high-mobility activities (swimming, dancing) and TSS risk reduction are key functional highlights.
Value for Money:
Slightly pricier than single-product kits, but the versatility justifies the cost for undecided buyers. Includes a free ebook guide and samples, reducing trial expenses. Long-term savings over disposables remain strong, though the applicator (critical for disc ease) is sold separately.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Strengths: Freedom to choose cup/disc per flow day; odor-free; durable; socially responsible; comprehensive starter samples. Weaknesses: Applicator not included (hurting disc usability); cup and disc require different insertion techniques; storage bag may lack ventilation.
Bottom Line:
A thoughtful choice for those exploring reusable options or seeking product flexibility. The social mission and activity-friendly design shine, but the missing applicator limits disc convenience. Best for users willing to invest time in mastering both products.
3. Pixie Menstrual Cup & Disc Duo Kit for Feminine Care - Most Comfortable Reusable Period Cup & Disc - Buy One We Give One - with Guide, Flushable Wipes, Lube, Feminine Wash, Carry Cup & Storage Bag
Overview:
An upgraded version of the Duo, this kit adds a sterilizing carry cup and feminine wash, enhancing hygiene and portability. It retains the cup-disc flexibility and donation program while targeting users prioritizing cleanliness on the go.
What Makes It Stand Out:
The included sterilizing carry cup solves a common pain point for travelers—boiling-free sanitization. Premium additions like full-size feminine wash (vs. samples in Product 2) and robust storage elevate daily usability. The “award-winning” disc design (with separate applicator) promises comfort.
Value for Money:
Offers better value than Product 2 due to full-size hygiene products and the carry cup. The $20–$30 premium over basic kits pays for long-term convenience and reduced accessory purchases. FSA/HSA eligibility (unlike disposables) further offsets cost.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Strengths: Superior portability with carry cup; complete cleaning regimen; ethical donation impact; 12-hour wear; leak-proof for active lifestyles. Weaknesses: Applicator still sold separately; cup/disc learning curves differ; carry cup may not fit all bags.
Bottom Line:
The most practical Duo kit for frequent travelers or hygiene-focused users. The sterilizing cup and full-size wash make it a worthwhile upgrade over Product 2, though the applicator gap remains a drawback. Strong recommendation for mobile lifestyles.
4. Pixie Cup - 100% Medical-Grade Silicone - Softest Reusable Period Disc - Inserts and Removes Like a Tampon - Capacity of 5 and 7 Tampons (Disc + Applicator Bundle)
Overview:
Despite the “Cup” in its title, this bundle focuses on tampon-like disc usability with a dedicated applicator. It includes two disc sizes and emphasizes effortless insertion/removal—ideal for beginners frustrated by traditional discs.
What Makes It Stand Out:
The patented applicator enables true tampon-style insertion, a rarity in the disc market. Medical-grade silicone (free of PFAS/metals) and anatomical shaping prevent leaks by securing against the pubic bone. The dual-size bundle removes sizing guesswork.
Value for Money:
The applicator inclusion (often $15 extra) makes this bundle cost-effective. Reusability slashes lifetime costs versus disposables, and the 10-year disc lifespan ensures rapid ROI. Cheaper than high-end cups but pricier than basic disc kits—worth it for applicator seekers.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Strengths: Game-changing applicator; easy tampon-like removal; high capacity; durable; FSA-eligible; strong warranty. Weaknesses: Misleading “Cup” title causes confusion; applicator requires cleaning; disc sizing may still challenge some users.
Bottom Line:
A standout for disc newcomers prioritizing ease of use. The applicator solves key pain points, justifying the price. Avoid if seeking a cup—this is a disc-centric bundle. Top pick for tampon converts wanting reusable convenience.
5. Softdisc Menstrual Discs | Disposable Period Discs | Tampon, Pad, and Cup Alternative | Capacity of 3 Super Tampons | 14 Count
Overview:
Softdisc offers disposable menstrual discs as a single-use alternative to tampons or cups. This 14-count pack targets users wanting disc benefits (comfort, activity freedom) without reusable product maintenance.
What Makes It Stand Out:
As the only disposable disc here, it bridges convenience and comfort. Hypoallergenic materials and a unique cervix-sealing design prevent leaks during sex/swimming—unmatched by tampons. Claims “no TSS link” (though all internal products carry some risk).
Value for Money:
Higher per-use cost than reusables ($1.50–$2/disc vs. pennies for Pixie long-term). Justifiable for travelers, beginners testing discs, or heavy-flow days needing frequent changes. Less economical for regular use but offsets tampon/pad expenses.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Strengths: Zero maintenance; immediate comfort; discreet disposal; high capacity; ideal for sex/swimming; one-size-fits-all. Weaknesses: Non-recyclable (eco-impact); pricier long-term; limited sizing customization; “no TSS” claim lacks independent validation.
Bottom Line:
Perfect for occasional use or disc-curious users, but unsustainable for regular cycles. Choose for convenience-focused scenarios; skip if prioritizing eco-friendliness or cost savings. A niche solution, not a reusable replacement.
6. BlissMia Reusable Menstrual Cup & Disc Kit (Large) | Soft Medical-Grade Silicone | Pull-Tab for Easy Removal | 12-Hour Wear | Heavy Flow Pad & Tampon Alternative | Sterilizer/Case | No pH Disruption
Overview: The BlissMia Reusable Menstrual Cup & Disc Kit offers a dual-format sustainable solution for period care, featuring both cup and disc options in large size. Crafted from medical-grade silicone, it targets users seeking leak-free, all-day protection without disrupting vaginal pH, ideal for active lifestyles and heavy flows.
What Makes It Stand Out: Its unique cup-and-disc combo provides versatility for different flow days and body types. The included microwave sterilizer case—cleansing in 3 minutes—is a standout for hygiene convenience, while the pull-tab design on the disc simplifies removal compared to traditional cups.
Value for Money: Priced competitively for a starter kit, it replaces thousands in disposables annually. The sterilizer case eliminates boiling hassles, adding long-term utility. Though slightly pricier than single-item kits, the dual-format design justifies the cost for users experimenting with both styles.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Strengths: Exceptional leak protection for heavy flows; hypoallergenic, eco-friendly materials; sterilizer case is travel-friendly; women-owned brand ethos.
Weaknesses: Large size may not suit all anatomies; disc’s pull-tab could snag during removal; no size-inclusivity guidance in kit.
Bottom Line: A top-tier starter kit for eco-conscious users prioritizing convenience and versatility. Ideal for beginners transitioning from disposables, though size-specific guidance would enhance accessibility. Highly recommended for active lifestyles.
7. Flex Reusable Disc | Reusable Menstrual Disc | Tampon, Pad and Cup Alternative | Capacity of 6 Super Tampons | Lasts for Years | Includes Carrying Pouch & 2 Free Disposable Discs
Overview: Flex Reusable Disc is a beginner-focused menstrual disc designed for effortless use and high capacity. Made from medical-grade silicone, it holds up to 70mL (equivalent to six super tampons) and promises 12-hour leak-proof protection, suitable for swimming, sleep, or intense activities.
What Makes It Stand Out: The patented rim notch ensures precise insertion, while the non-slip rim enables smooth removal—key for newcomers. Its 70mL capacity outperforms most competitors, and the included disposable discs ease the transition to reusables.
Value for Money: Competitive pricing for a kit including disposables and a pouch. Longevity (years with care) offsets initial cost versus disposables. Free disposables add trial-friendly value, though the disc alone lacks sterilization tools.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Strengths: Unmatched capacity; intuitive notch design; odor-sealing firm rim; pH-safe and hypoallergenic; ideal for active use.
Weaknesses: No sterilization method included; rim might feel rigid for sensitive users; limited size options.
Bottom Line: An excellent choice for heavy-flow users and beginners seeking high capacity and ease of use. While the lack of a sterilizer is a drawback, its reliability and included disposables make it a worthwhile investment for sustainable period care.
8. Saalt Menstrual Disc - Soft, Flexible, Reusable Medical-Grade Silicone - Wear 12 Hours - Removal Notch - Two Sizes - Menstrual Cup or Tampon Alternative - Made in USA - Lasts 10 Years (Blue, Regular)
Overview: Saalt Menstrual Disc delivers 12-hour protection with a soft, flexible design made from medical-grade silicone in the USA. Targeting eco-conscious users, it features a removal notch, compatibility with IUDs, and a decade-long lifespan, positioning itself as a reliable tampon alternative.
What Makes It Stand Out: The IUD-friendly design (no suction seal) and period-sex capability are major differentiators. The built-in removal notch eliminates “fishing” struggles, while its 10-year durability surpasses industry standards. Made in the USA adds ethical appeal.
Value for Money: Premium-priced but justified by decade-long use and U.S. manufacturing. Saves significant long-term costs versus disposables or shorter-lived discs. Two sizes in the kit enhance fit reliability, though the price may deter budget-focused buyers.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Strengths: IUD-safe; effortless removal notch; comfortable “sensationless” fit; supports period intimacy; vegan/cruelty-free.
Weaknesses: No sterilization tool included; limited color/size variety; higher upfront cost.
Bottom Line: A premium, ethical choice for IUD users and those prioritizing longevity. Despite the price, its reliability and unique features make it a standout investment for sustainable period management. Highly recommended for long-term use.
9. Ecoblossom Reusable Menstrual Disc - Menstrual Cup - Soft Period Disc for Women Designed with Flexible, Medical-Grade Silicone Period Cup (Black)
Overview: Ecoblossom’s reusable menstrual disc offers 12-hour leak-proof protection using soft, medical-grade silicone. Designed for comfort across all flow levels, it emphasizes eco-friendliness and ease of use for teens and adults, with a focus on reducing cramps and irritation.
What Makes It Stand Out: The triple-rim design creates redundant leak prevention—a rarity among discs—while its intuitive folding mechanism caters to beginners. The included cloth case adds portability, and its hypoallergenic formula suits sensitive skin exceptionally well.
Value for Money: Budget-friendly for a starter kit, with significant savings over disposables. The triple-rim durability justifies the cost, though it lacks advanced features like sterilization tools. Best for cost-conscious newcomers to reusables.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Strengths: Triple-rim leak defense; gentle on sensitive skin; compact cloth case; reduces cramps; FDA-registered safety.
Weaknesses: No sterilization method; basic design lacks removal aids; black color may show stains.
Bottom Line: A solid entry-level option for sensitivity-prone users seeking reliable leak protection. While minimalistic, its triple-rim innovation and affordability make it ideal for beginners transitioning from pads/tampons. Recommended for light-to-moderate flows.
10. Shordy Menstrual Disc (2-Pack) with Electric Sterilizer – Small and Large Reusable Period Disc Starter Kit – 12-Hour Leak-Free Protection – Soft Medical Grade Silicone
Overview: Shordy’s starter kit includes two disc sizes (small/large) and an electric sterilizer, targeting users seeking personalized fit and hassle-free hygiene. Its medical-grade silicone discs offer 12-hour, 45mL protection—3x a super tampon—with a focus on leak-proof reliability and anatomical comfort.
What Makes It Stand Out: The electric sterilizer (one-button operation) and dual-size pack are unmatched in convenience. The removal stem eliminates common retrieval anxiety, while the flat-fit design enables period intimacy—key advantages over stemless competitors.
Value for Money: Premium-priced due to the sterilizer and dual sizes, but the all-in-one setup justifies cost for long-term savings. Eliminates boiling, saving time versus kits without sterilization tools. Ideal for users prioritizing hygiene efficiency.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Strengths: Electric sterilizer convenience; beginner-friendly stem; dual sizes for fit flexibility; odor-sealing; ideal for active use.
Weaknesses: Sterilizer requires power access; stem may irritate some users; higher initial investment.
Bottom Line: The most comprehensive starter kit for tech-savvy users valuing hygiene and fit customization. Despite the cost, the sterilizer and size inclusivity make it a top recommendation for seamless transition to reusables.
Understanding Your Body’s Blueprint
Before exploring products, deep knowledge of your anatomy is non-negotiable. This foundational step prevents frustration and ensures compatibility.
Mapping Your Cervix Height
Your cervix position fluctuates throughout your cycle and varies naturally between individuals. Measuring it mid-cycle (not during your period) using clean fingers helps determine optimal cup length or disc placement. A low cervix often pairs better with shorter cups or discs, while a high cervix offers more flexibility but requires careful rim placement for removal. Ignoring this step is the most common cause of discomfort or leakage.
Assessing Flow Volume and Consistency
Flow intensity isn’t just “light” or “heavy”; it includes clotting tendencies and peak day patterns. Heavier flows may benefit from higher-capacity cups paired with discs for backup on heaviest days, while lighter flows might prioritize comfort over capacity. Tracking your flow for a full cycle reveals patterns crucial for matching product capacity to your reality.
Evaluating Pelvic Floor Strength and Tone
Pelvic floor muscle tone significantly impacts comfort and retention. Those with stronger tone might find firmer cups or discs stay securely in place, while individuals with weaker tone or conditions like incontinence may prefer softer, more flexible options that adapt without pressure. Consulting a pelvic floor therapist can provide invaluable personalized insights.
Material Science Matters More Than Hype
The material composition directly affects safety, comfort, longevity, and environmental impact. Don’t be swayed by color trends—prioritize certified safety.
Decoding Medical-Grade Silicone Standards
Look explicitly for “medical-grade” or “implantable-grade” silicone certifications (like USP Class VI or ISO 10993). This ensures rigorous testing for purity, hypoallergenicity, and absence of harmful fillers like plasticizers. Food-grade silicone is not sufficient for internal use. Transparency from manufacturers about sourcing and testing is critical.
The Texture and Finish Factor
Surface texture influences comfort and ease of cleaning. Smooth finishes glide in and out easily but might rotate inside the vagina; ribbed or textured surfaces can aid grip for removal but may harbor bacteria if not meticulously cleaned. Consider your dexterity and cleaning habits when weighing texture options.
Addressing Latex and Allergy Concerns
While most modern cups/discs use silicone, some older or niche products might contain latex or other allergens. Always verify material composition if you have known sensitivities. Hypoallergenic dyes for coloration are also worth confirming, as pigments can sometimes cause reactions.
Sizing: It’s Not Just About Flow
Sizing involves a dynamic interplay of anatomy, activity level, and life stage. Relying solely on flow charts or age-based guides is a recipe for mismatch.
The Role of Vaginal Childbirth History
While vaginal childbirth can affect pelvic floor tone and vaginal width, it’s not an automatic mandate for a “large” size. Many who haven’t given birth vaginally need larger sizes due to anatomy, and some postpartum individuals fit smaller sizes. Focus on your current pelvic structure, not past events alone.
Considering Activity Level and Lifestyle
High-impact athletes or those with very active jobs might prioritize secure rim designs or firmer materials that resist displacement. Conversely, desk workers or those prone to pelvic tension might favor softer, flexible options. Your daily movements are key sizing criteria often overlooked.
Accounting for Age-Related Changes
Hormonal shifts during perimenopause, menopause, or while using certain medications (like some contraceptives) can alter vaginal tissue elasticity and lubrication. This might necessitate switching to softer materials or different shapes for comfort over time, even if your “size” hasn’t changed anatomically.
Shape and Design: Form Follows Function
Subtle design differences dramatically impact performance. Understanding geometry helps match products to your body’s needs.
Cup Bell Shape Variations
Cups come in rounded, tapered, V-shaped, or U-shaped bells. Rounded bells suit lower cervixes by sitting higher in the vaginal fornix, while tapered shapes fit narrower canals. A wider rim diameter generally offers better leak prevention but requires more space—critical for those with tighter vaginal walls.
Disc Rim Design Mechanics
Disc rims can be rigid, flexible, or have unique contours (like “wings” or “petals”). Rigid rims stay firmly in the vaginal fornix but require precise placement; flexible rims adapt more easily but might need frequent repositioning. Contoured rims can enhance stability during movement or intimacy.
Stem and Removal Aid Options
Stems aren’t just for removal; they aid initial placement. Short stems suit low cervixes; long stems help with high cervixes but can cause discomfort. Some feature loops, notches, or pull strings. Consider your finger dexterity and comfort with internal touch when choosing—removal should never be a struggle.
Practical Usage Considerations for Daily Life
Beyond anatomy, real-world usability dictates long-term success. Think holistically about your routine.
Mastering the Learning Curve
Both cups and discs have distinct insertion and removal techniques. Discs often have a steeper initial learning curve due to placement depth but offer easier removal for some. Be prepared for a trial period—mastery typically takes 1-3 cycles. Patience and practice videos from certified educators are invaluable resources.
Compatibility with Intimacy and Activity
Menstrual discs are uniquely designed to sit in the vaginal fornix, allowing for penetrative sex during menstruation—cups cannot. For high-impact activities like running or cycling, firmer cups or properly placed discs generally offer superior leak protection compared to softer options.
Travel and Portability Realities
Consider cleaning requirements on the go. Discs often require less precise placement than cups, making them slightly more travel-friendly for beginners. Compact carrying cases, access to clean water for rinsing, and dry storage capabilities are practical factors that influence daily usability.
Long-Term Value and Sustainability Calculus
True cost-effectiveness extends far beyond the initial price tag. Evaluate the full lifecycle impact.
Durability and Lifespan Expectations
High-quality medical-grade silicone products can last 5-10 years with proper care. Avoid products with excessive dyes or不明 additives, which can degrade faster. Regular inspection for tears, cloudiness, or odor is essential for safety and longevity—replace immediately if issues arise.
Cleaning and Maintenance Simplified
Boiling is the gold standard for sterilization between cycles, but daily rinsing requires only water or mild soap. Avoid oils, harsh soaps, or toothpaste, which damage silicone. Consider your access to boiling facilities (dorms, travel) when choosing; some materials tolerate UV sterilizers better than others.
Environmental Footprint Analysis
While both cups and discs drastically reduce waste compared to disposables, their end-of-life disposal matters. Silicone is recyclable through specialized programs (not standard curbside), but landfill persistence is decades-long. Prioritize brands with take-back recycling initiatives to close the loop responsibly.
Navigating the Future-Proof Selection Process
The market evolves, but core principles remain constant. Focus on adaptable criteria that serve you now and years ahead.
Prioritizing Adjustable Features
Look for products offering slight adjustments—like stem-trimmable cups or discs with multiple grip points—to customize fit as your body changes. Avoid gimmicks; prioritize designs proven through independent testing over viral social media claims.
Leveraging Verified User Communities
Seek out moderated forums or healthcare provider-vetted groups where users share anatomy-specific experiences (e.g., “low cervix and heavy flow”). Beware of unmoderated social media where anecdotal extremes dominate. Real-world feedback on compatibility is more valuable than generic praise.
Consulting Healthcare Professionals Proactively
A gynecologist or pelvic floor therapist can measure your cervix height accurately and assess pelvic tone during an exam. Discussing your intended use (e.g., for sports, postpartum) helps them advise on suitability. This professional insight is worth the consultation fee.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I know if a cup-disc combo is right for me?
Consider if your lifestyle demands different solutions for different scenarios (e.g., intense workouts vs. overnight use). If you’ve struggled with one format alone due to anatomy or activity limitations, strategically combining both can cover gaps where a single product falls short.
Can I use a disc with a low cervix?
Yes, but placement is critical. Discs sit in the vaginal fornix behind the pubic bone, not around the cervix like cups. Many with low cervixes find discs comfortable if positioned correctly, though initial placement might require practice to avoid the cervix.
How often should I replace my cup or disc?
Replace immediately if you notice tears, persistent odor after cleaning, or cloudiness. Otherwise, most last 5-10 years. However, if you experience new discomfort, changes in fit, or after pregnancy/surgery, reassess fit even if the product appears intact.
Are menstrual discs harder to insert than cups?
Many find discs trickier initially due to the precise placement needed in the fornix. Cups sit lower and may feel more intuitive at first. However, once mastered, disc insertion often becomes quicker. Practice with water-based lube and a mirror can ease the learning curve.
Can I use these if I have an IUD?
Consult your healthcare provider first. While generally safe, improper removal could potentially dislodge an IUD. Providers often recommend trimming IUD strings short and using cups/discs with extreme care during removal, avoiding sudden suction release near the strings.
How do I prevent leaks with a disc during heavy flow?
Ensure the front rim is securely tucked behind the pubic bone and the back rim sits in the posterior fornix. Heavy flows may require changing discs more frequently (every 8-12 hours max) or pairing with a backup panty liner initially while you learn your flow patterns.
Is boiling really necessary for cleaning?
Boiling for 5-10 minutes between cycles is the most reliable sterilization method. Daily rinsing with water or mild soap suffices during your period. Avoid vinegar, baking soda, or harsh chemicals which degrade silicone over time.
Can teenagers safely use cups or discs?
Yes, with proper education and support. Many teens successfully use them, especially if they’re active in sports. Focus on smaller sizes, softer materials, and emphasize that the hymen isn’t “broken” by insertion—it’s elastic. Parental or guardian involvement in learning can boost confidence.
Do these cause odor like pads or tampons?
No. Odor arises from blood reacting with air (pads) or bacteria in a moist environment (tampons). Cups and discs collect menstrual fluid internally in an air-sealed environment, preventing oxidation and bacterial growth that causes odor.
What if I can’t remove it?
Stay calm—panic tightens muscles. For cups: bear down gently, rotate the base to break the seal, then pinch the base. For discs: hook a finger behind the front rim and gently pull forward and down. If stuck, wait 30 minutes, relax in a warm bath, and try again. Seek medical help only if truly unable after multiple calm attempts.